Project the point onto the line to get the foot of the perpendicular, then go the same distance again on the other side: p' = 2·foot − p.
See also: Reflect a line off another line — the same idea applied to a direction vector instead of a position.
ab = b - a
ap = p - a
t = (ap . ab) / (ab . ab)
foot = a + ab * t
pRefl = foot * 2 - p
const ax = 40, ay = 250
const bx = 260, by = 50
const abx = bx - ax
const aby = by - ay
const apx = mouseX - ax
const apy = mouseY - ay
const t = (apx * abx + apy * aby) / (abx * abx + aby * aby)
const footX = ax + abx * t
const footY = ay + aby * t
const reflX = footX * 2 - mouseX
const reflY = footY * 2 - mouseY